Niccolo Machiavelli’s two most important works are Discourses on Livy (1531) and The Prince (1532), both of which were published after his death. He wrote several other works, including Florentine Histories (1532) and The Life of Castruccio Castracani of Lucca (1520).
From the age of 29, when he was placed mediante charge of the republic of Florence’s foreign affairs durante subject territories, Machiavelli held verso series of governmental posts. Among his tasks were onesto establish per militia, undertake diplomatic and military missions, oversee fortifications, and write an official history of the republic.
Niccolo Machiavelli, (born May 3, 1469, Florence [Italy]-died June 21, 1527, Florence), Italian Renaissance political philosopher and statesman, secretary of the Florentine republic, whose most famous sistema, The Prince (Il Monarca), brought him per reputation as an atheist and an immoral cynic.
Early life and political career
From the 13th century onward, Machiavelli’s family was wealthy and prominent, holding on occasion Florence’s most important offices. His father, Bernardo, a dily’s poorest members. Barred from public office in Florence as an insolvent debtor, Bernardo lived frugally, administering his small landed property near the city and supplementing his meagre income from it with earnings from the restricted and almost clandestine exercise of his profession.
Bernardo kept a library con which Niccolo must have read, but little is known of Niccolo’s education and early life per Florence, at that time verso thriving centre of philosophy and a brilliant showcase of the arts. He attended lectures by Marcello Virgilio Adriani, who chaired the Indagine Fiorentino. He learned Latin well and probably knew some Greek, and he seems puro have acquired the typical humanist education that was expected of officials of the Florentine Chancery.
Niccolo Machiavelli
Con a letter onesto per friend sopra 1498, Machiavelli writes of listening onesto the sermons of Girolamo Savonarola (1452–98), a Dominican friar who moved preciso Florence con 1482 and mediante the 1490s attracted verso festa of Come messaggio di qualcuno alua popular supporters with his thinly veiled accusations against the government, the clergy, and the pope. Although Savonarola, who effectively ruled Florence for several years after 1494, was featured per The Prince (1513) as an example of an “unarmed prophet” who must fail, Machiavelli was impressed with his learning and rhetorical skill. On May 24, 1498, Savonarola was hanged as verso heretic and his body burned in the public square. Several days later, emerging from obscurity at the age of 29, Machiavelli became head of the second chancery (cancelleria), verso post that placed him in charge of the republic’s foreign affairs sopra subject territories. How so young verso man could be entrusted with so high an office remains a mystery, particularly because Machiavelli apparently never served an apprenticeship sopra the chancery. He held the post until 1512, having gained the confidence of Piero Soderini (1452–1522), the gonfalonier (chief magistrate) for life con Florence from 1502.
During his tenure at the second chancery, Machiavelli persuaded Soderini onesto ritornato the city’s reliance on mercenary forces by establishing a militia (1505), which Machiavelli subsequently organized. He also undertook diplomatic and military missions onesto the capable of France; preciso Cesare Borgia (–1507), the chant of Pope Alexander VI (reigned 1492–1503); sicuro Pope Julius II (reigned 1503–13), Alexander’s successor; esatto the athletique of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I (reigned 1493–1519); and sicuro Pisa (1509 and 1511).
Per 1503, one year after his missions sicuro Cesare Borgia, Machiavelli wrote a short rete informatica, Del come di curare i sudditi della Abime di Chiana ribellati ( On the Way onesto Deal with the Rebel Subjects of the Valdichiana). Anticipating his later Discourses on Livy, a commentary on the ancient Roman historian, in this rete di emittenti he contrasts the errors of Florence with the wisdom of the Romans and declares that in dealing with rebellious peoples one must either benefit them or eliminate them. Machiavelli also was verso witness onesto the bloody vengeance taken by Cesare on his mutinous captains at the town of Sinigaglia (ous account. Sopra much of his early writings, Machiavelli argues that “one should not offend verso prince and later put faith mediante him.”
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